Paper Details

Sex workers constitute one of the most marginalized populations globally and continue to experience discrimination, social exclusion, violence, and inadequate access to healthcare services. Despite increasing recognition of sex workers’ rights within international human rights discourse, stigma and criminalization remain significant barriers to their social inclusion and well-being. In India, sex workers occupy a precarious position within society, facing intersecting forms of discrimination based on gender, class, occupation, sexuality, and socio-economic status. The consequences of this marginalization are reflected in poor health outcomes, vulnerability to violence, restricted access to legal protection, and exclusion from social welfare systems. This paper examines the conditions of sex workers through the lenses of human rights, public health, and social inclusion. Drawing upon existing literature, international legal frameworks, and empirical studies, the paper analyzes the impact of stigma, criminalization, and social exclusion on the lives of sex workers. It further evaluates legal approaches adopted in different countries and discusses their implications for health, safety, and human dignity. The study argues that a rights-based and inclusive approach is essential for improving the quality of life of sex workers and ensuring equitable access to healthcare and social services. The paper concludes by recommending policy reforms, legal protections, and community-based interventions aimed at promoting inclusion and safeguarding human rights.

Sex workers, social inclusion, human rights, stigma, healthcare access, public health, legal protection, India